發佈於13th Apr 2018
修改於13th Apr 2018
Tete Byzantine Sika a Wɔde Yɛ Nneɛma
Byzantine Sika a Wɔde Yɛ Nneɛma Ɔfã I
Constantine Ɔkɛseɛ na ɔbɔɔ tete Byzantine Ahemman no sikasɛm nhyehyɛe no. Ɔtoaa nsakrae ahorow a Diocletian (284-305) yɛe no so na ɔde nneɛma bo a ɛkɔ soro no baa awiei, anyɛ yiye koraa no ne fã bi.
Ɔyɛɛ nhyehyɛe bi a egyina sika kɔkɔɔ sika, solidus anaa solid (sika kɔkɔɔ), a wɔde sika kɔkɔɔ kronkron (23 1⁄2 k) a emu duru yɛ 4,4 gr. Solidus no yɛ ɔhempɔn no mfonini wɔ ɔfã biako ne mfonini ahorow wɔ akyi, mpɛn pii no ɛyɛ mfonini a Nkonimdi bi kura mmeamudua.
Afei nso, na ɛwɔ sika kɔkɔɔ nkyekyɛmu nketewa bi, semissis anaa fã ne tremissis anaa abiɛsa.
Wɔde nkyerɛwde OB hyɛɛ solidus no agyirae, a ɛkyerɛ sɛ, sɛ wɔkenkan no sɛ nkyerɛwde a, obryzum “sika kɔkɔɔ kronkron” anaasɛ sɛ wɔkenkan no sɛ akontaahyɛde, “72”, fi sika kɔkɔɔ nkaribo biako mu a, ɔhempɔn no yɛɛ sika kɔkɔɔ sika 72.
Wɔyɛɛ saa sika yi wɔ ahemman sikakorabea a ɛwɔ Constantinopol na enti agyiraehyɛde no yɛ CONOB. Bio nso, wɔyɛɛ sika a ɛte sɛɛ wɔ Tesalonika, Antiokia, Cyzic ne nea ɛkeka ho.
Ná wɔayɛ sɛ wɔde sika kɔkɔɔ yi bedi dwuma wɔ aguadi kɛse bi mu. Ná sika kɔkɔɔ yɛ dade a wɔn ho yɛ na. Ná wɔde tua asraafo ka, de tua akyɛde ma ahemman no mu adwumayɛfo a wɔkorɔn anaasɛ wɔ nsɛm akɛse mu.
Solidus no kɔɔ so kuraa ne bo ne ne mu duru mu kosii afeha XI no mu. Afeha a ɛto so IX mu nkutoo na asɛmti no fii ase baa fam kakra, bɛyɛ 20-22 k.
Afei nso, ɛsɛ sɛ yɛka afeha VI tebea bi ho asɛm, bere a ɔhempɔn no yɛɛ sika kɔkɔɔ sika pɔtee bi no. Sɛ́ anka wɔbɛyɛ siliqua 24 anaa gram 4,4 no, na wɔn mu duru yɛ 4,0-4,2 gr., kyerɛ sɛ siliqua 20-23. Nokwarem no, ɛkame ayɛ sɛ wuntumi nte nsonsonoe a ɛda 4,2 gr. sika ne sika a ne kɛse yɛ 4,4 gr. sika nanso wɔ ahemman fie, a ɛyɛ sika mpempem pii te sɛ eyinom fam no, na ɛkyerɛ sika kɔkɔɔ sikasɛm kɛse. Sɛ nhwɛso no, wɔ sika 10000 a wɔyɛe mu no, ɔhempɔn no siee sika bɛyɛ kilogram 2. Wɔde dies koro no ara na ɛyɛɛ saa sika yi a wɔde solidus a wɔtaa de di dwuma no. Agyiraehyɛde pɔtee bi nkutoo, te sɛ OBXX anaa +OB+ anaa biribi a ɛte saa, na ebetumi ama nsonsonoe no aba.
Ná wɔayɛ sɛ wɔde saa sika a emu yɛ hare yi bedi dwuma wɔ abɔnten so nsakrae a wɔne ɔmanfo a wɔyɛ atirimɔdenfo no bɛsesa mu.
Ná dwetɛ yɛ sika a wɔntaa nhu wɔ tete Byzantiumfo asetra mu. Constantine yɛɛ sika bi a wɔfrɛ no siliqua, bɛyɛ 2,4 gr. dwetɛ ne 1/24 a efi solidus mu (wɔde edin siliqua dii dwuma de susuw sika kɔkɔɔ: dwetɛ sika no ne dwetɛ mu duru a wɔde yɛ sika kɔkɔɔ siliqua no hyia). Afei nso wɔyɛɛ sika bi a wɔfrɛ no miliarense , a ne mu duru bɛyɛ 4 gr. Ne din fi “apem” a ɛkyerɛ sɛ dwetɛ sika 1000 te sɛ eyi bo yɛ sika kɔkɔɔ nkaribo biako.
Wɔyɛɛ saa dwetɛ sika yi kosii afe 400 pɛ, bere a woyii fii nea wɔde di dwuma no mu na wogyaee sika a wɔde yɛ no.
Ná kɔbere sika no yɛ nhyehyɛe yi fã a ɛyɛ mmerɛw. Mfiase no na nkwaseasɛm biako mu duru yɛ 12 gr. (304), ɛkɔɔ fam koduu 8 (307) ne 6,5 (309). Wɔ 313 mu no, emu duru yɛ 3 gr pɛ. na wɔ afe 337 mu, afe a Constantine wui no, 1,5 gr.
Wɔ afeha a ɛto so IV no mu no, wɔbɔɔ mmɔden ahorow na ahemfo te sɛ Constantius II anaa Julian (361-363) bɔɔ mmɔden sɛ wobedi ɔhaw ahorow no ho dwuma nanso wɔantumi. Wɔ afe 400 Y.B., sika a wɔtoo din nummus no mu duru yɛ 1 gr. na wɔde di dwuma wɔ mpɔtam hɔ aguadidan ahorow mu, na wɔde 1/7200 na ɛyɛ sika kɔkɔɔ sika.
Wɔ afe 400 Y.B. Eyinom kɔɔ so kosii afe 498. Wɔ afe 498-1453 mu no, wɔakyekyɛ tete Byzantine ahemman no sikasɛm mu abakɔsɛm mu afã horow 5.
Nea edi kan no fi ase wɔ Anastasius ahenni ne ne nsakrae ahorow no mu. Efii ase wɔ afe 498 mu na ɛbaa awiei bɛyɛ afe 750 Y.B. Sika kɔkɔɔ sika 3, kɔbere sika 5 ne dwetɛ sika biako, hexagram .
Bere a ɛto so abien no fi ase bɛyɛ afe 750 na ɛba awiei wɔ afe 1081 akyi, na nea ɛda nsow ne sɛnea wɔama nhyehyɛe no ayɛ mmerɛw.
Bere a ɛto so abiɛsa no fi ase wɔ Alexius Comnenus (1081-1118) ahenni mu. Wɔ afe 1091-2 mu no ɔde sika kɔkɔɔ sika bi bae, hyperperon anaasɛ “wɔde ogya tew ho”, na ɛnyɛ den sɛ wobetumi ahu esiane ne nsusuwii a ɛyɛ kurukuruwa nti, ɛnyɛ petee te sɛ nea atwam no. Wɔde sika kɔkɔɔ sii tremissis dedaw no ananmu nanso na sika kɔkɔɔ a ɛyɛ fɛ a ɛba fam. Wogyaee dwetɛ sika no na wɔde ɔpepepem biako bae, na dwetɛ 6-10 % pɛ na ɛwɔ hɔ. Wɔtoo saa sika yi din trachea na wobetumi ahu nso denam ne nsusuwii a ɛyɛ kurukuruwa no so. Na awiei koraa no wɔde kɔbere sika foforo bi a wɔtoo din tetrateron bae, na ɛtɔ mmere bi a wɔde kɔbere na ɛyɛ nkyekyɛmu ketewaa bi. Saa nhyehyɛe yi gui bɛyɛ afe 1204 mu, bere a Constantinopol hwee ase wɔ Mmeamudua Ho Akodi a Ɛto so Anan no anim akyi.
Bere a ɛto so anan a ɛkɔɔ so fi 1300 kosi 1350 akyi bere tiaa bi no, wɔde dwetɛ sika a ɛte sɛ Venice ducat, sika a wɔtoo din basilicon , anaa ɔhene no sika ne kɔbere sika ketewaa bi a wɔfrɛ no assarion bae.
Bere a ɛto so anum no fi ase fi bɛyɛ afe 1350 kosi ahemman no asehwe, wɔ 1453 mu, na nea ɛda nsow ne sika kɔkɔɔ a ɛyera koraa na ɛyerae koraa na dwetɛ ne kɔbere de no san bae. Ná ahemman no di hia dodo sɛ wobenya sika kɔkɔɔ biara.
Byzantine Sika fã II Sika kɔkɔɔ
Sika kɔkɔɔ sika no
Sika kɔkɔɔ solidus a wonya fii Constantine hɔ no huu bere tenten a wɔde dii dwuma.
Wɔ afeha VI mu no, saa sika yi mu duru bɛyɛ 4,35-4,40 gr. na ne ntwemu yɛ mm 19-21. Wɔ ɔfã biako no, wɔayɛ ɔhempɔn no ho mfonini, nanso ne mfonini no nni pɛpɛɛpɛ, na wonni atoro biara sɛ ɛne no di nsɛ kɛse. Mpɛn pii no, ɔhempɔn no wɔ anim fã anan mu abiɛsa anaasɛ ne nyinaa, okura peaw na mpɛn pii no ɔhyɛ akode.
Mpɛn pii no, akyi no kyerɛ Nkonimdi bi a ɛboa mmeamudua bi. Efi Justin II (565-578) ahenni so no, wɔpɛ Nkonimdi a wɔtra ase no. Efi Maurice Tiberius II (578-582) ahenni so no, wɔpɛ Mmeamudua a wɔde anammɔntu kwan.
Afeha a ɛto so VII no fii ase wɔ asɛm bi a ɛyɛ nwonwa so, Phocas ahenni. Ɔno ne ɔhempɔn a odi kan fi saa bere no a ɔwɔ abɔgyesɛ. Bere a ɔhempɔn no yɛ abofra mpo, te sɛ Constans II (641-668) no, wonya abɔgyesɛ akɛse ne abɔgyesɛ wɔ wɔn ahenni mu.
Afei nso efi saa bere no, efi Heraclius ahenni (610-642) so no, mpɛn pii no, sika kɔkɔɔ sika no wɔ ɔhempɔn no mfonini a okura mmeamudua wɔ ne nsam wɔ ɔfã biako na ne honi a ne ba anaa ne mmabarima ka ho wɔ ɔfã foforo.
Afeha a ɛto so VIII no mfiase no, Justinian II de nsakrae bi bae, na wɔ 692 mu no oyii ne mfonini no fii anim de Yesu mfonini sii ananmu. Wɔ ɔfã foforo no, wɔayɛ ɔhempɔn no ho mfonini a okura mmeamudua. Nanso eyinom ankyɛ. Afeha a ɛto so VIII no mu no, ɔmanko kɛse bi a wɔn a wɔtaa ahoni no mfonini kronkron no akyi ne wɔn a wɔtaa mfonini kronkron no a wɔpam no akyi (“ahemfo a wɔsɛe ahoni”) de bae.
Saa bere yi nso, ɔhempɔn no puei wɔ sika no so. Saa bere yi de ɔhempɔn no nananom puei wɔ ɔfã biako a na wɔtaa yɛ agya ne nana na ɔfã foforo no ɔhempɔn ne ne babarima no puei sɛ ɔdedifo. Na eyi yɛ amammui nhyehyɛe a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɛyɛ mmara kwan so de na ɛboa nso ma wɔkyerɛ bere a sika no yɛ, denam nkɔnsɔnkɔnsɔn a ɛda adi pefee a ɛwɔ saa nsɛm a ɛtoatoa so yi mu no so.
Bɛyɛ afe 850 no, wɔsan de Yesu mfonini no sii hɔ bio, na ɛtɔ mmere bi a na wɔtra ase. Eyi bɛyɛɛ solidus anaa nomisma , sɛnea wɔtoo din wɔ Hela kasa mu no ho sɛnkyerɛnne.
Ɔhempɔn Nichephoros II Phocas (963-968), esiane sikasɛm mu haw nti, ɔde sika kɔkɔɔ sika foforo bi bae, a wɔtoo din tetrateron, anaa nkyem anan mu biako, a ɛyɛ ketewaa na ɛyɛ den, a ɛne sika a emu duru nyinaa, a wɔtoo din histamenon , a ɛkɔɔ so yɛɛ kɛse na ɛyɛ teateaa no bɔ abira. Michael IV (1034-1041) maa abodin no so tew nea edi kan, na ɛno ne nea edi kan fi Constantine Ɔkɛseɛ (308-337) akyi. Ɛsɛ sɛ yɛka sɛ ansa na Michael IV renya n’ahemman abodin no, na ɔyɛ sikasesafo na saa bere no fibea ahorow ka atoro mpo ho asɛm... Wɔ afe 1071 mu, bere a wodii ahemman no so nkonim wɔ Manzikert akyi no, na finesse no yɛ 8 k pɛ wɔ 24 mu na ɛtɔ mmere bi a na ɛyɛ sika kɔkɔɔ a wɔde adura ho ara kwa.
Wɔ 1092 mu no, Alexios I Comnenus de sika kɔkɔɔ sika foforo bae. Na ɛwɔ finesse 20 1⁄2 k mmom sen atetesɛm 24 na wɔtoo din hyperpera a ɛyɛ “super refined by fire”. Ná ɛyɛ sika kɛse (bɛyɛ mm 26) na ɛyɛ tratraa, a ne nsusuwii yɛ kurukuruwa.
Afei nso, Alexios de sika bi a ɛwɔ 6-7 k fine pɛ bae, a wɔtoo din trikephala anaa hagiogeorgata , a wɔde din ahorow no din, ti abiɛsa anaa Saint George. Mpɛn pii no, anim no yɛ Yesu anaa Ɔbaabun ho mfonini na akyi no taa yɛ ɔhempɔn a ogyina hɔ a Yesu, Ɔbaabun anaa Ɔhotefo biako ka ne ho.
Wɔ 1261 mu no, wɔtew hyperperon no so kɔɔ karat 15 ne 12 wɔ Andronicus II (1282-1328) ahenni mu, na na emu duru nyɛ nea ɛkɔ so daa. Na eyinom kyerɛ sɛ na wɔde sika no bo wɔ ne mu duru so na ɛnyɛ din no.
Sika kɔkɔɔ sika a etwa to no, Yohane V ne Yohane VI (1347-1352) na wɔyɛɛ no.
Byzantine Sika a Wɔde Yɛ Ɔfã III Dwetɛ
Dwetɛ sika no.
Ná dwetɛ yɛ sika a wɔntaa nhu wɔ Byzantine Ahemman no mu. Wɔannyɛ no fi 400 Y.B. Sika no kyerɛ ɔhempɔn anaa ahemfo no wɔ ɔfã biako na wɔkyerɛ mmeamudua wɔ atrapoe so wɔ ɔfã foforo.
Wɔyɛɛ no fi 615 kosii bɛyɛ afe 680 bere a wogyaee sɛ Anastasius ne Justinian nhyehyɛe dedaw a egyina sika kɔkɔɔ-kɔbere so no nkɛntɛnso.
Leon III de dwetɛ sika bi a wɔfrɛ no miliaresion bae wɔ afe 720 mu, a ɛyɛ sika dedaw bi a Constantine Ɔkɛseɛ ne nea odii n’ade no yɛe. Na ɛyɛ tratraa na ɛtrɛw sen hexagram no na na emu duru yɛ 2 gr pɛ. Wɔ ɔfã biako no wɔayɛ nkyerɛwee kɛse bi ho mfonini, wɔ nkyerɛwde 4 so, a ɔhempɔn no din ne n’abodin na wɔakyerɛw so na ɔfã foforo nso wɔde mmeamudua a ɛwɔ atrapoe so (sɛ nhwɛso no, “Leon denam Onyankopɔn adom so ɔhempɔn” wɔ afeha a ɛto so VIII mu no asɛmfua Romaion a ɛkyerɛ “de Romafo” nso na wɔde bae). Nanso ɛyɛ Theophilus ahenni (829-842) ansa na saa sika yi bɛyɛɛ sika nhyehyɛe no fã daa.
Wɔ afeha X mu no, na sika no yɛ Yesu nipadua ho mfonini. Mmeamudua no bɛyɛɛ nea wɔayɛ no fɛfɛɛfɛ kɛse, na ɛtɔ mmere bi a na Ɔbaabun no agyiraehyɛde wɔ mu. Efi Basil II ahenni so, bɛyɛ afe 989 mu no, wɔayɛ Ɔbaabun a Ɔwɔ Abofra no ho mfonini wɔ kɛse biako so.
Ná emu duru bɛyɛ 2 gr. mfiase no. Wɔ afeha X mu no ɛkɔɔ soro koduu bɛyɛ 2,5 na wɔ afeha XI mu no, ehuu nkrabea a ɛte saa ara te sɛ sika kɔkɔɔ nomisma.
Wɔ 1091-1092 mu no, wɔde sika ɔpepepem, aspron trachy , a ɛkyerɛ Yesu te ahengua so wɔ ɔfã biako na Ɔhempɔn no ne Yesu, ɔbaabun anaa ahotefo no mu biako gyina ɔfã foforo sii ananmu.
Na ɛyɛ sika ɔpepepem, a dwetɛ 6-10 % pɛ na ɛwɔ mu na na ɛyɛ sika kɔkɔɔ hyperperon no fã 1/48. Wogye di sɛ na ɛyɛ miliaresion dedaw no nkyem anan mu biako . Ɛyɛ den yiye sɛ wobɛkyerɛ nsonsonoe a ɛda saa sika yi ne kɔbere de ntam, ne nsusuwii a ɛyɛ kurukuruwa nkutoo na ebetumi aboa wo ma woahu saa sika yi. Wɔtew so wɔ afeha a ɛto so XIV mu, bere a ne bo kɔɔ fam koduu 1/120 ma sika kɔkɔɔ sika no.
Bɛyɛ afe 1300 mu no, Andronicus de sika bi a ɛte sɛ Venice dwetɛ ducat bae. Ná edin no ne basilicon , anaa “ɔhempɔn no sika.” Nea ɛnte sɛ trachy , na ɛyɛ ketewaa na ɛyɛ petee na wɔde dwetɛ kronkron na ɛyɛe. Ná ɛyɛ hyperperon bo 1/12. Ɛntra ase pii, esiane dwetɛ a na ɛho yɛ na nti na wɔtow gui wɔ afe 1350 akyi bere tiaa bi. Mmom no, wɔde sika foforo bi bae, a wɔtoo din stavraton , a wɔde too mmeamudua no din wɔ Hela kasa mu, stavra . Saa sika yi besii dwetɛ basilicon ananmu nanso wɔde sika kɔkɔɔ nso sii ananmu. Na ne mu duru bɛyɛ 8-9 gr wɔ mfiase no, na na ɛwɔ fã ne awotwe nso. Wɔyɛɛ no kosii 1453 (Constantine XI, ɔhempɔn a otwa to no dii tumi fi 1449 kosi 1453. Wɔ 1990 pɛ mu no, wohuu stavraton bɛyɛ 19 a ɔhempɔn yi yɛe a wɔaboaboa ano biako wɔ gua so. Ɛyɛ Yesu mfonini wɔ ɔfã biako na wɔ ɔfã foforo no ɔhempɔn ti.
Byzantine Sika a Wɔde Yɛ Ɔfã IV Kɔbere
Kɔbere sika no.
Wɔ 498 mu no, ɔhempɔn Anastasius (491-518) yɛɛ nsakrae kɛse. Ná ɔyɛ ɔhempɔn ne ɔsahene a otumi yɛ adwuma yiye nanso na ɔyɛ sikasɛm ho ɔbenfo nso (wɔka sɛ ogyaw sikakorabea hɔ ma araa ma ɛkame ayɛ sɛ ɛhwee ase esiane emu duru nti).
Ohui sɛ ahemman no hia cooper sika pa. Nanso nea na ɔwɔ ara ne nummus a emu duru sua no . Ohui sɛ sɛ ɔbɔ mmɔden sɛ ɔbɛyɛ sikasɛm mu nsakrae a, ɛremma obiara nkɔ baabiara. Nanso ɔde sika a emu yɛ duru bi a wɔde akontaahyɛde ahyɛ no agyirae bae sɛ nummus .
Nea ɛkorɔn sen biara ne sika a ɛyɛ nummus 40 no. Wɔde nkyerɛwde M ahyɛ no agyirae na na emu duru bɛyɛ 9 na 512 akyi no, na ɛyɛ 18 gr. Ná nummus sika 40 no din ne follis. Wɔde nkyerɛwde K hyɛɛ nummus sika 20 no agyirae, na wɔde I hyɛɛ nummus sika 10 no agyirae na wɔde I nso hyɛɛ nummus sika 5 agyirae, a wɔahyɛ no agyirae E. Efi Justinian ahenni (528-564) so no, emu duru kɔɔ soro, na follis biako mu duru bɛyɛ 25 gr na ɛno akyi 541 kɔɔ fam koduu bɛyɛ 22. Sika kɔkɔɔ solidus biako bɛyɛ 288 follis.
Wɔ afeha a ɛto so VII no mu no, na follis no so atew. Sɛ nhwɛso no, wɔ afe 650 mu no, na nkwaseasɛm no mu duru yɛ gr 3,5 pɛ. Wɔ afeha a ɛto so VIII mu no, saa tebea yi kɔɔ so. Wɔbɔɔ decanummia , anaa I, ne pentanummia , anaa E, nea etwa to wɔ Constantine V (741-775) ahenni mu. Nkwaseasɛm fã a wɔhyɛɛ K agyirae no traa ase kakra sen saa, wɔ Leon IV (775-780) ahenni mu. Wɔ afeha a ɛto so IX mu no, na nkwaseasɛm nkutoo ne kɔbere sika a wɔde di dwuma, a na emu duru yɛ 8 gr, te sɛ Michael II (820-829) bere so no. Saa sika yi wɔ ahemman no mfonini wɔ ɔfã biako na ɔhempɔn no din ne n’abodin wɔ ɔfã foforo.
Ɔhempɔn John I Tzimisces (969-976) de follis bi a ɔhempɔn no din anaa ne nipadua nni mu bae. Ná sika a wɔammɔ din yi yɛ Yesu mfonini wɔ ɔfã biako na na anansesɛm mu Yesu Kristo, Ahene Hene no wɔ ɔfã foforo. Eyinom wɔ ahorow pii, efi Adesuakuw A 1 kosi A 2 (anaa 3) kosi L.
Bɛyɛ afe 1071 no, na emu duru bɛyɛ 6 gr. Alexios yɛɛ kɔbere sika bi te sɛ nea wɔammɔ din yi nanso wɔ afe 1091 mu no ɔde kɔbere sika foforo bae, a wɔtoo din tetarteron anaa tetarton. Ná ɛyɛ ketewaa na ɛyɛ petee na ebia na ɛyɛ follis dedaw biako 1⁄4. Wɔbɔɔ wɔn dodow bi kosii afeha a ɛto so XII mu na na wɔtaa yɛ ahemfo ne Ahotefo no mu biako anim anaa wɔn a wogyina hɔ, Yesu, Ɔbaabun ne ahotefo mfonini, ne ahemman anaa monogram afoforo ho mfonini.
Wonim nso sɛ ɛtɔ mmere bi a wɔde kɔbere na ɛyɛ tetateron fã.
Wɔ afeha a ɛto so XIII mu no, saa sika yi ho yɛɛ na wɔ gua so, esiane trachy ɔpepepem a ɛso tewee nti.
Wɔ Andronicus II ne Andronicus III (1328-41) ahenni mu no, wɔde sika bi a wɔfrɛ no assaria sii ananmu. Mpɛn pii no, adwini ahorow no sesa afe biara, na ɛma wɔyɛ ahorow pii. Afei nso wɔde mfiridwuma mu nneɛma kakraa bi na ɛyɛɛ saa sika yi na enti ɛkame ayɛ sɛ ɛrentumi nyɛ yiye sɛ wobenya sika a ɛfata, te sɛ VF anaa F. Bere a, wɔ 1367 mu no, wɔde stavraton bae no , wɔde kɔbere a wɔfrɛ no tournesion ne a follaro , sika ketewaa bi a ne kɛse yɛ 0,5-1 gr pɛ, a ɛkɔɔ so kosii sɛ ahemman no hwee ase.
Byzantine Sika a Wɔde Yɛ Nneɛma Ɔfã V Nkwaseasɛm
Kɔbere sika a ɛyɛ fɛ sen biara wɔ Byzantine bere so no bi ne nea wɔfrɛ no nkwaseasɛm a wɔmmɔ din wɔ afeha X-XI mu, a Yesu Kristo mfonini wɔ anim ne akyi ahorow pii.
Wroth na odii kan suaa saa sika ahorow yi ho ade. Wɔ 1908 mu no, wɔ ne nhoma Catalog of Imperial Byzantine Coins a ɛwɔ The British Museum mu no, ɔno na odii kan kyerɛkyerɛɛ saa sika yi mu na ɔde mmere nhyehyɛe a ɛbɛyɛ sɛ ɔkyerɛwee mae. Mfe 20 akyi no, Bellinger na ɔsan hwɛɛ nea ɔde baa awiei no mu, na ɔyɛɛ nsakrae nketenkete bi. Wɔ 1954 mu no, Margaret Thompson, wɔ ne nhoma a ɛfa sika a wohu fii Atene Agora mu no mu no, yɛɛ nsakrae a etwa to a etwa to a ɛfa nkyerɛkyerɛmu ne bere a wɔde yɛɛ saa sika yi ho.
Ɛyɛ nwonwa yiye sɛ efi John I Zimisces (969-976) ahenni so no, Byzantine Ahemman no kɔbere sika no gyaee ɔhempɔn no ti a wɔde soa. Nanso, ɔkyerɛwfo bi a wɔfrɛ no Scylitzes gyaw yɛn adanse a ɛfata sɛ Yohane de kɔbere sika a Agyenkwa no ti ne nyamesom nkyerɛwee bi a ɛwɔ Latin kasa mu a ɛkyerɛ Yesu Kristo Ahene mu Hene (anaasɛ, wɔ nkyerɛase foforo mu no, Ahempɔn Hempɔn) mae.
Wɔyɛɛ sika a ɛte sɛɛ wɔ bere a edi hɔ no mu, kosii 1118. Bio nso, ɛde besi Constantine X Ducas (1059-1067) ahenni so no, na ɔhempɔn no ti mpue wɔ sika no so.
Wroth kyekyɛɛ sika no mu akuwakuw du, na wɔde nɔma fi I kosi X. Bellinger ne Thompson de nkyerɛwde a efi A kosi L ne nɔma dii dwuma maa akuw nketewa no.
Sɛ yɛde M. Thompson typology di dwuma a, yebetumi akyekyɛ sika yi mu sɛnea edidi so yi:
Adesuakuw A 1
Obv. Kristo Ti, nkyerɛwde IC- XC wɔ afã abien no nyinaa. +„MANOVHΛ nifa ne benkum.
Rv. Atetesɛm a ɛwɔ nkyerɛwde 4 so: IhSЧS/ XRISTЧS/ bASILEЧ/ bASILE. Nhwiren agude a atwa ho ahyia.
Nsusuwii nketenkete, a wɔtaa bɔ no boro so wɔ Nicephorus II Phocas (963-969) ne Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus (913-959) sika so.
Nhoma mu nsɛm no ma wonya awerɛhyem sɛ bere a wɔde yɛɛ saa sika yi. Ɛbɛyɛ sɛ wɔyɛɛ no fi John I Zimiskes ahenni so ne Basil II ne Constantine VIII (976-1025) ahenni a wɔaka abom no mfiase. Ebia bere a saa kuw yi de dii dwuma no yɛ 969 ne 989, afe a Basil II kum Bardas Phocas a ogyee nneɛma no.
Mpɛn pii no, sika a wɔabɔ no boro so no abu so.
Adesuakuw A 2
Ɛte sɛ A 1 wɔ ne nkyerɛkyerɛmu ho; nanso, wobetumi ahu nsonsonoe a ɛda ne kɛse so.
Mu duru a ɛkɔ soro no kyerɛ sɛ yiyedi bere bi wɔ hɔ. Enti wobetumi ahu bere a wɔkyerɛwee no fi 989 kosi bere a Basil II wui wɔ 1025 mu, bere a na ahemman no wɔ tumi kɛse. Ebetumi aba sɛ wɔkɔɔ so yɛɛ saa ɔkwan yi wɔ 1025 akyi, kosii 1028, wɔ Constantine VIII nkutoo ahenni mu.
Wɔmmɔ saa sika yi ntra so wɔ sika afoforo so.
Adesuakuw A 3
Bellinger kyekyɛ saa Adesua A yi mu wɔ akwan nketewa 3 mu. A 1 flans nketewa, A 2 ntamgyinafo flans ne A 3 flans akɛse. Thompson di adanse sɛ ntamgyinafo flans no nyɛ subtype na mmom ɛyɛ ahorow akɛse ne nketewa no mu nsakrae. Enti ɔde din A 1 di dwuma ma nketewa no na ɔde A 2 di dwuma ma akɛse.
Adesuakuw B
Obv. Kristo bust. IC-XC wɔ afã horow. +„MANOVHΛwɔ nifa ne benkum so.
Rv. Twa atrapoe so. Nkyerɛwee wɔ mmeamudua no anim: IC-XC// bAS-ILE/bAS/ILE.
Wɔhyehyɛɛ saa kuw yi wɔ Roman III Argyrus (1028-1034) ahenni mu. Wɔnam ne sika a wɔabɔ no boro so a ɛwɔ Class A 1 ne Class A 2 sika so no so na ɛma da no yɛ awerɛhyem.
Saa sika a wɔabɔ no boro so yi abu so.
Adesuakuw C
Obv. Kristo Mfonini, bɛyɛ nipadua no fã 1/3. IC-XC wɔ afã horow.
Rv. Mmeamudua a wɔde nhwene ayɛ. Nkyerɛwee a ɛwɔ anim : IC-XC//NI-KA
Wɔkyerɛ sɛ saa sika yi wɔ Mikael IV a ɔyɛ Paphlagonian (1034-1041) ahenni mu.
Wɔbɔ saa sika yi boro so wɔ Class A 2 ne ɛtɔ mmere bi a Class B so.
Adesuakuw D
Obv. Kristo a ɔte ahengua so a n’akyi, ɔde ne nsa nifa hyira. IC-XC na ɛwɔ hɔ.
Rv. Nkyerɛwee a ɛwɔ nkyerɛwde 3 mu: ISXS/ bASILE/bASIL. Atifi Mmeamudua.
Wɔyɛɛ saa sika yi wɔ Constantine IX Monomachus (1042-1055) ahenni mu. Wɔbɔɔ saa sika yi boro so wɔ adesuakuw C ne ɛtɔ mmere bi a kuw B ne Adesuakuw A 2 so.
Adesuakuw E
Obv. Kristo bust. IC-XC na ɛwɔ hɔ.
Rv. Nkyerɛwee a ɛwɔ nkyerɛwde 3 mu: ISXS/ bASILE/bASILE. Atifi Mmeamudua. (sɛ adesuakuw D) .
Wɔyɛɛ saa sika yi wɔ Isak I Comnenus (1057-1059) ahenni mu. Wonim sika a wɔabɔ no boro so wɔ adesuakuw D mu nanso ɛda so ara ho yɛ na.
Adesuakuw F
Obv. Kristo te ahengua so a onni akyi, na ɔde ne nsa nifa rehyira no. IC-XC na ɛwɔ hɔ.
Rv. Nkyerɛwee a ɛwɔ nkyerɛwde 3 mu: ISXS/ bASILE/bASILE. Atifi Mmeamudua.
Wɔakyerɛw saa sika yi afe 1059-1067. Ɛyɛ Abufuw Adesuakuw V.
Wɔyɛɛ saa sika yi wɔ Constantine X Ducas (1059-1067) ahenni mu. Wɔbɔ saa sika yi boro so wɔ Class E, C ne B so na ɛtɔ mmere bi a wɔ Constantine X sika so.
Adesuakuw G
Obv. Kristo Bust. IC-XC na ɛwɔ hɔ
Rv. Ɔbaabun no Bust. MT-ΘV na ɛwɔ hɔ
Wɔyɛɛ no wɔ Romanus IV Diogenes (1067-1071) ahenni mu. Wɔkaa no dodo wɔ Romanus IV nsɛmma nhoma ne nsɛmma nhoma ahorow a atwam ho.
Adesuakuw H
Obv. Kristo Bust IC-XC
Rv. Agyanom mpanyimfo mmeamudua.
Wɔbɔɔ no wɔ Michael VII Ducas (1071-1079) ahenni mu.
Adesuakuw I
Obv. Te sɛ adesuakuw H.
Rv. Latin Mmeamudua.
Wɔbɔɔ no wɔ Nicephoros III Botaniates (1078-1081) ahenni mu.
Adesuakuw J
Obv. Ɛte sɛ adesuakuw H ne G nanso mmeamudua wɔ ne ti akyi.
Rv. Latin mmeamudua a ɛwɔ ɔsram a ɛyɛ ɔsram so.
Wɔbɔɔ no fi 1081 kosi 1118, wɔ Alexius I Comnenus ahenni mu.
Adesuakuw K
Obv. Kristo bust. IC-XC na ɛwɔ hɔ.
Rv. Ɔbaabun mfonini a ne tenten yɛ fã.
Minted bere koro no ara mu ne adesuakuw J.
Adesuakuw L
Obv. Sɛ.
Rv. Mmeamudua nketewa pattee.
Minted bere koro no ara mu ne class J ne K.
Hybrid type.
Rv a ɛwɔ adesuakuw K
Rv a ɛwɔ adesuakuw J
Ɛbɛyɛ sɛ wɔyɛɛ saa sika yi wɔ afe 1081-1118 mu na ɛho yɛ na koraa.
Ɛsɛ sɛ yɛka sɛ wɔda so ara nnim bere a wɔde saa sika yi yɛe. Yɛmaa Margaret Thompson nna, nanso efi saa bere no nyansahu mu nhwehwɛmu nkrataa foforo puei (Grierson, C. Morrison, Sear ne nea ɛkeka ho).
Saa sika yi wɔ anim pɔtee bi na mpɛn pii no ɛyɛ nea edi kan wɔ Byzantine sika a wɔaboaboa ano mu. Nkurɔfo ani gye wɔn ho araa ma saa sika yi ne nea edi kan fi nea wɔbɛboaboa ano daakye no mu.
Vasilita Stefan na ɔkyerɛwee
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