發佈於24th Apr 2018

修改於24th Apr 2018

Atubrafo Aguadi Dwetɛ Sika

Sika a wɔde yɛ nneɛma

Bere a Europafo a wodii kan fii ase ne Amerikafo siesiee wɔn ntam fi 1500 na na sika kakraa bi na wɔde di dwuma no. Nokwarem no, na sika nkyerɛ hwee mma ɛhɔfo dodow no ara, nanso Europafo no sii so dua sɛ wɔhwehwɛ sɛ wodi gua na ama wɔatumi atra ase, titiriw wɔ awɔw bere nyinaa mu.

Awiei koraa no, sikasɛm nhyehyɛe a ɛnyɛ den a atubrafo a wodii kan no yɛe no maa ɔmanfo a wobetumi ayɛ te sɛ nkurow ne nkurow a wogyaw wɔ Europa no nyaa kwan. Adwumfo ne aguadifo dodow no ara a wɔrefi sotɔɔ ahorow ase wɔ nkuraa a ɛwɔ Atlantic mpoano ase no, hia a ehia sɛ wonya ɔkwan a wɔayɛ no yiye a wɔfa so sesa nneɛma no si so dua sɛ wɔbɛma sika a wobetumi anya.

Ná England na edi Amerika atubra aman dodow no ara so wɔ Britania ahemman no ase , na na wɔde wɔn nniso ahorow no di dwuma sɛnea mmara a England hene siesiee no kyerɛ no. Saa bere no nyinaa, saa mmara ahorow yi bi maa atubrafo nniso ahorow no kwan ma wɔyɛɛ sika, dodow no ara anyɛ saa. Engiresifo atubraman a wodii kan buu saa bara a wɔbaraa yi so ne Massachusetts Bay Atubraman no.

Esiane sɛ na England nni ɔhene bere tiaa bi (ɛfata ma nea ne mfe akɔ anim a wahwere ne ti!), Massachusetts de n’ankasa mint a wohuu wɔ Boston kurow mu fi 1652. Massachusetts Bay Colony’s a wɔde mae wɔ Boston no, John Hull na ɔhwɛɛ so, na ɔmaa no yɛɛ mmerɛw Robert Saunderson na ɔkyerɛwee. Nea efii mu bae no mu dodow no ara yɛ dwetɛ shilling, sika a wɔsom bo sɛ pence 12.

Akyiri yi Massachusetts Mint no yɛɛ dwetɛ sika nketewa a ne bo yɛ pence asia, pence abiɛsa ne pence abien. Sɛ pence asinasin abien no da nkyɛn a, wɔkyerɛw bere fi 1662 a, sika a wɔyɛe wɔ Boston no nyinaa gye toom fi 1652. Ɛsɛ sɛ atubrafo no yɛ eyi, efisɛ Engiresi hene foforo bi bɛn ahengua no fi 1660.

Atubrafo no kuraa wɔn nsisi a na wɔayɛ dwetɛ asinasin no nyinaa fi 1652 denam sɛnea wɔde dii dwuma bɛyɛ mfe aduasa no so yiye. Nkyerɛwde “NE” a egyina hɔ ma (New England) wɔ n’anim ne gyinapɛn ahorow XII (12 wɔ Roma akontaabu mu), VI (6) anaa III (3) wɔ n’akyi titiriw.

Wɔde nea ɛda dua bi adi wɔ wɔn anim sii saa sika yi ananmu ntɛm ara. Wɔde nnua ahorow abiɛsa dii dwuma wɔ mfe 30 a wɔde yɛɛ no ​​mu: oak (1660-67), willow (1652-60), ne nea wohu sen biara, pine (1667-82). Wɔ Maryland no, Cecil Calvert ne England Royal Mint yɛɛ teateaa de yɛɛ dwetɛ sika a ne bo yɛ shilling 1, pence 6 ne pence 4 sɛnea ɛfata.

Eyinom de kɔe a na date a ɛho hia biara nni mu, nanso wɔyɛɛ no ​​fi 1659, wɔ Amanaman Nkabom bere a na England nni ɔhene biara a wɔapaw no na Mmarahyɛ Bagua no na ɛhwɛ so no mu. Wɔda so ara nnim dodow a wɔde mae no, na ɛda adi pefee sɛ wɔkyekyɛe wɔ Maryland Colony nkutoo mu mfe kakraa bi. Wobu wɔn nyinaa sɛ ɛyɛ soronko na wɔn a wɔboaboa nneɛma ano dodow no ara hwehwɛ wɔn kɛse nnɛ.

Wɔyɛ saa sika yi nso wɔ Maryland ne dwetɛ pence abiɛsa, pence asia ne shilling asinasin a Annapolis dwetɛ adwumfo John Chalmers bɔɔ no. Asɔre akɛse ne nketewa no yɛɛ nsa a wɔakyekyere wɔn anim ho mfonini, bere a pence asia no kyerɛ nsoromma bi a ɛwɔ kurukuruwa mu wɔ n’anim, bere a nsa a wɔakyekyere no wɔ anim no.

Nanso, pence abiɛsa no akyi kyerɛ nkorabata bi a wɔde kurukuruwa atwa ho ahyia. Shilling ahorow a wɔtaa hu no kyerɛ mmorɔnoma abien a wɔretwe n’awiei a ɛne ne ho bɔ abira a ɛyɛ ɔkraman anaa ɔwɔ, a egyina ankorankoro nhwehwɛmu so. Ɛwom sɛ kakraa bi na ɛwɔ hɔ de, nanso wɔtaa de sika yi si hɔ ma ɛfata sɛ wotumi boaboa ano.

Sɛ wɔde saa sika yi sii hɔ nnɛ a, ɛkame ayɛ sɛ bere nyinaa na wɔhyɛ no yiye, na eyi di adanse sɛ ɛpetee mfe pii. Wɔ New Jersey no, atubrafo no de sika a efi Ireland dii dwuma fi 1680. Wɔde kɔbere asinasin yi wiee aban tender a Amansan Nhyiam no de mae wɔ May mu fi 1682.

Ná ɛwɔ akɛse abien, na na nea ɛsõ sen biara no bo yɛ nkoko so sɛ penny fã na na sika nketewa no bo yɛ farthing anaa penny nkyem anan mu biako. Saa sika yi fã biako yɛ ɔhene bi a ɔte ase a ɔrebɔ sanku (a ɛyɛ Ireland sɛnkyerɛnne) ho mfonini, na ɔfã a ɛne no bɔ abira no kyerɛ Ɔhotefo Patrick. Saa kɔbere yi ne sika a agye din a na ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ Amerika atubrafo bere no mu.

Atubrafo nhyehyɛe ahorow a ɛyɛ soronko na emu nna hɔ sen biara no bi ne kɔbere ne pewter agyiraehyɛde ahorow a Francis Lovelace, New York sodifo fi 1668-1673 tintimii no. Wɔda so ara nkyerɛɛ date a wɔde yɛɛ New York token no, nanso wogye di sɛ efi saa bere yi mu. N’anim kyerɛ sɛ Cupid retaa Psyche a ɔde ntontom ntaban di dwuma no akyi.

Bio nso, anim no wɔ Lovelace Abusua nsa a ɔkɔre bi hyɛ ase no. Ebia, wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ ɛbɛboro so sɛ farthings, ebia wɔyɛɛ saa token ahorow a wɔntaa nhu soronko yi fii Bristol, England. Wɔ 1688 mu no, Richard Holt nyaa tumi krataa a ɛkorɔn sɛ ɔnyɛ token ahorow a wɔde bedi dwuma wɔ Amerika atubra aman no mu.

Bio nso, na nea ɛwɔ hɔ ankasa no yɛ Spainfo sika, na wɔde sika a ɛwɔ Spain Amerika atubra aman mu no dii dwuma kɛse wɔ Wiase Foforo no nyinaa mu. Anim no yɛ England Hene Charles II ho mfonini wɔ ne pɔnkɔ no atifi, bere a akyi no kyerɛ sɛ wɔde nkɔnsɔnkɔnsɔn na ɛka Ireland, England, Wales, ne Scotland akode kyɛm no fã kɛse no ara.

Wobu saa asinasin yi mu dodow no ara sɛ ɛho yɛ na, te sɛ baabi a wɔkyekyɛe titiriw ne bere tenten a wɔde kyekyɛe. Obi foforo a wagye din a onyaa ahemman kwan sɛ ɔnyɛ sika mma Amerika ne Ireland atubra aman ne William Wood. Ne kɔbere sika abien no nyinaa yɛ nea wɔakyerɛw no kɛse wɔ 1724, 1723 ne 1722 mu no kyerɛ Ɔhene George I mfonini wɔ wɔn anim.

Saa dwetɛ a wɔde yɛɛ atubrafo sika yi kyerɛ Engiresi kasa a enyin wɔ wɔn akyi, bere a Irelandfo asinasin no kyerɛ onyamewa Hibernia (Latin kasa mu ma Ireland) a ɔte hɔ a ɛbɛn sanku bi. Ɛwom sɛ na ɛsom bo wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so sɛ pence abien, penny biako ne penny fã de, nanso sɛnea ɛne no hyia de, nanso na Wood sika no ayɛ mmerɛw kɛse na Irelandfo na wogyaw hɔ titiriw.

Nea efii mu bae ne sɛ wɔkyekyɛɛ Ireland nsɛmpɔw no nso maa Amerika, efisɛ na Amerika atubrafo no wɔ sika bi pɛ a wɔbɛkasa atia wɔ bo a ɛsom ho. Ɛno mpo no, wɔdaa wɔn ho adi mpo sɛ wɔannye wɔn ntom te sɛ nea na wɔagye wɔn wɔ Ireland no ara pɛ. Ireland sika foforo a ɛtoatoa so a na wɔtaa hu sɛ wɔn kwan a wɔfa so kɔ Amerika atubra aman no mu ne nea wɔfrɛ no “Voce Populi” kɔbere, esiane wɔn anim abakɔsɛm a ɛkyerɛ sɛ “Ɛdenam nnipa nne so.”

Wɔ 1760 mu no, wogye farthing ne halfpennies ahorow dodow no ara tom, nso. Owura Roche bi a ofi Dublin na ɔyɛɛ eyinom. Wɔn anim no kyerɛ Ɔhene George II anim a wagye nkonimbo; saa bere yi nyinaa akyi nhyehyɛe no yɛ Hibernia a wɔtra ase a sanku wɔ so. Pɛpɛɛpɛ, baabi ne bere a eyinom hwetee wɔ Amerika no yɛ nea akyinnyegye wom, nanso wotumi boaboa ano kɛse.

Wowiee agyiraehyɛde ahorow a wɔde hyɛ Sir William Pitt a ɔbɔɔ Amerikafo atubrafo ho ban fii Stamp Mmara a na wɔtan no wɔ 1765 mu no anuonyam no wɔ farthing ne penny fã akɛse nyinaa mu fi 1766. Owura William anim mfonini bi da adi wɔ n’anim, bere a akyi no da adetɔnfo hyɛn bi adi wɔ ase adetɔn a edi mũ, a wogye tom sɛ AMERICA.

Bio nso, Pitt Tokens no yɛ nea wotumi boaboa ano yiye na wobu no sɛ abakɔsɛm mu nkaedum a ɛho hia. Wɔ England Amerika atubra aman nyinaa mu no, Virginia huu sika nhyehyɛe a ɛsom bo a efi Ɛna Ɔman no mu, nanso ne titiriw no, ɛbaa akyiri dodo. Efi 1773 no, wɔyɛɛ kɔbere fã mpempem pii wɔ London de kɔmaa Virginia.

Saa sika a ɛyɛ nwonwa yi yɛ Ɔhene George III mfonini wɔ wɔn anim, bere a Great Britain ahemfo nsa wɔ wɔn akyi. Ɛmfa ho nea ɛkyerɛ nyinaa no, anka sika yi rentumi nni nkogu; nhwɛso ahorow pii a ɛwɔ hɔ dedaw no nkyerɛ adanse kakraa bi anaasɛ enni adanse biara a ɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔkyekyɛe. Saa bere no, saa sika yi duu Virginia na na Amerikafo afi wɔn ahofadi ho apereperedi ase.

Afei nso, na sika a England hene mfonini wɔ so no nyɛ nea wɔpɛ, na wɔankyekyɛ saa dadwen yi kɛse. Wobu Virginia no fã-penny sɛ ɛyɛ atubrafo bere so sika a wɔtaa de di dwuma sen biara ne saa ara nso na, Amerikafo a wɔboaboa ano no pɛ kɛse. Esiane sɛ wɔayi afi mu nti, wɔka sɛ saa ahorow a yɛaka ho asɛm wɔ atifi hɔ yi bi yɛ Amerikafo sika nkutoo a efi atubrafo bere no mu.


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